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Scandinavian Literature, National Romanticism

2005-04-05T15:43:00.000-07:00

The literature of the mid-19th century, known as Norway's “national Romanticism,” continued to reflect the country's larger aspirations. The compilation and publication, between 1841 and 1844, of Norske folkeeventyr (“Norwegian Folk Tales”) by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Engebretsen Moe—and the 1853 collection by Magnus Brostrup Landstad, Norske folkeviser (“Norwegian Folk

Adams, Douglas Noël

2005-04-04T17:28:00.000-07:00

British novelist (b. March 11, 1952, Cambridge, Eng.—d. May 11, 2001, Santa Barbara, Calif.), was the creator of the satiric science-fiction whimsy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which first saw life as a radio series and then became a book, a television series, a play, record albums, comic books, and a computer game, gaining cult status along the way. The book and its sequels feature British

Maslow, Abraham H.

2005-04-04T03:44:00.000-07:00

Maslow studied psychology at the University of Wisconsin and Gestalt psychology at the New School for Social Research

Alliance For Progress

2005-04-03T20:36:00.000-07:00

International economic development program established by the United States and 22 Latin American countries in the Charter of Punta del Este (Uruguay) in August 1961. Objectives stated in the charter centred on the maintenance of democratic government and the achievement of economic and social development; specific goals included a sustained growth in per capita

Mauguin, Charles

2005-04-03T06:50:00.000-07:00

Mauguin was educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and in 1919 he joined the Faculty of Sciences

Ray Spider

2005-04-02T22:33:00.000-08:00

Any spider of the family Theridiosomatidae (order Araneida), known for their conelike webs. Most ray spiders are less than 3 mm (0.125 inch) in body length and are usually found near streams or in damp areas. The strands of the ray spider's web extend outward in raylike groups of three or four. The web is pulled into a cone shape by a strand attached from the web centre to a nearby twig.

'umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah

2005-04-01T18:49:00.000-08:00

'Umar belonged to the wealthy merchant family of Makhzum, a member of the Meccan tribe of Quraysh (of which the Prophet Muhammad was also a member). He spent most of his life in Mecca, also traveling to southern Arabia, Syria, and Mesopotamia.

Manapouri, Lake

2005-03-31T09:04:00.000-08:00

Lake, southwestern South Island, New Zealand, the deepest lake in the country. It is one of the Southern Lakes, found in the highland section of Fiordland National Park, which were formed by the glacial deepening of an existing stream valley accompanied by damming of the valley with a moraine (glacial debris). Manapouri derives its name from a Maori word meaning “lake

Therapeutics, Peptic ulcer

2005-03-30T15:12:00.000-08:00

In the past a bland diet and frequent ingestion of milk and cream were the mainstays of ulcer treatment. Today the only dietary regimen is the avoidance of such irritating foods as spicy and highly seasoned foods and coffee. The newer drug therapies decrease gastric acidity much more than antacids and other dietary measures do. The infection of the stomach by Helicobacter

Manapouri, Lake

2005-03-29T20:22:00.000-08:00

American collegiate athletic organization formed in 1953 as an offshoot of the Southern Conference. Member schools are Clemson University, Duke University, Florida State University (joined in 1990), the Georgia Institute of Technology (joined in 1979), the University of Maryland, the University of North Carolina, North Carolina State University, the University of Virginia, and

Kyoto

2005-03-29T08:27:00.000-08:00

Fu (urban prefecture), Honshu, Japan, bounded by the ken (prefectures) of Fukui and Shiga (east), Nara (south), and Hyogo (northwest), the fu of Osaka (southwest), and the Sea of Japan (north). Much of it is composed of the Tamba Mountains, which are sometimes considered to be the eastern extension of the Chugoku Range. From 1874 until World War II, Kyoto was the prefecture with the largest industrial

France, History Of, Carolingian literature and arts

2005-03-27T20:12:00.000-08:00

A renaissance movement occurred during the general renovation undertaken by the Carolingian monarchs; they supported the movement as an aid to religious reform and as a means to enhance their own prestige. The origins of the movement lie deep in the 7th and 8th centuries. It received great stimulus, however, when the growth of the empire brought the Franks into contact

Aalto, Alvar

2005-03-27T06:13:00.000-08:00

A definitive review of Aalto's work, extremely well illustrated with photographs and plans, is the two-volume work edited by Karl Fleig: Alvar Aalto (1963) and Alvar Aalto 1963–1970 (1971). A brief essay by Farederick Gutheim, Alvar Aalto (1960), contains descriptive and critical comments as well as many photographs. A similar book is George Baird, Alvar Aalto (1970). A substantial chapter on Aalto appears in Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, 5th ed. rev. (1967), and is an excellent critical treatment of Aalto's architecture. No purely biographical work exists.

Augury

2005-03-27T01:23:00.000-08:00

Prophetic divining of the future by observation of natural phenomena—particularly the behaviour of birds and animals and the examination of their entrails and other parts, but also by scrutiny of man-made objects and situations. The term derives from the official Roman augurs, whose constitutional function was not to foretell the future but to discover whether

Talavera De La Reina

2005-03-26T00:49:00.000-08:00

Town, Toledo provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Castile-La Mancha, central Spain, on the northern bank of the Tagus River near its confluence with the Alberche. The town originated as the Roman Caesarobriga and was conquered by King Alfonso VI in 1082. Alfonso XI gave it to his queen, Maria of Portugal, whence its appellation de la Reina (“of the

Auditorium

2005-03-25T15:17:00.000-08:00

The part of a public building where an audience sits, as distinct from the stage, the area on which the performance or other object of the audience's attention is presented. In a large theatre an auditorium includes a number of floor levels frequently designed as stalls, private boxes, dress circle, balcony or upper circle, and gallery. A sloping floor allows the seats

Igneous Rock, Inclusions

2005-03-25T07:22:00.000-08:00

These are rounded to angular masses of solid material enclosed within a rock of recognizably different composition or texture. Those consisting of older material not directly related to that of their host are known as xenoliths, and those representing broken-up and detached older parts of the same igneous body that encloses them are termed cognate xenoliths

Perelman, S.j.

2005-03-24T23:30:00.000-08:00

Perelman attended but did not graduate from Brown University, where he edited the school humour magazine. He began writing for the early, frenetic Marx Brothers films and helped turn out the screenplays for such classics as Monkey Business (1931) and Horse

Cumont, Franz (-valéry-marie)

2005-03-24T09:54:00.000-08:00

After studying at Ghent, Bonn, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, Cumont was from 1892 to 1910 professor at the University of Ghent and from 1899 to 1912 curator of the Brussels

Celaya, Battle Of

2005-03-24T02:25:00.000-08:00

(April 1915), decisive military engagement in the wars between revolutionary factions following the Mexican Revolution of 1911. One of the bloodiest battles in Mexican history, it was fought at Celaya, Gua najuato state, between the forces of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa. In the course of the civil wars, Venustiano Carranza and Villa had eclipsed the other revolutionary

Riau

2005-03-23T09:22:00.000-08:00

Provinsi (“province”), east-central Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded by the provinces of Jambi on the south, Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra) on the west, Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) on the north and northwest, the Malacca Strait on the east, and the Berhala Strait on the southeast. Riau provinsi includes the Riau Islands, an archipelago lying at the southern entrance to the

Australia

2005-03-22T23:06:00.000-08:00

The Australian mainland extends from west to east for nearly 2,500 miles (4,000 km) and

Sweyn Ii Estridsen

2005-03-21T15:48:00.000-08:00

The son of Ulf, a Danish earl, and Estrid, a sister of Canute I the Great, Sweyn fled to Sweden after his father was murdered in 1027 on orders of Canute. After the death of Canute (1035), when Hardecanute was ruling in Denmark and Magnus in Norway, the young kings agreed that whoever lived longer

Biblical Literature, The conquest of Canaan

2005-03-21T13:42:00.000-08:00

As told by the Deuteronomist, the conquest of Canaan by Joshua and the Israelite tribes was swift and decisive. No conquest of central Canaan (in the region of Shechem), however, is mentioned in the book; and some scholars interpret this to mean that the central hill country was already occupied either by ancestors of the later Israelite tribes prior to the time of Moses

Backcross

2005-03-21T04:17:00.000-08:00

The mating of a hybrid organism (offspring of genetically unlike parents) with one of its parents or with an organism genetically similar to the parent. The backcross is useful in genetics studies for isolating (separating out) certain characteristics in a related group of animals or plants. In animal breeding, a backcross is often called a topcross. Grading usually

Nashville Convention

2005-03-20T21:10:00.000-08:00

(1850), two-session meeting of proslavery Southerners in the United States. John C. Calhoun initiated the drive for a meeting when he urged Mississippi to call for a convention. The resulting Mississippi Convention on Oct. 1, 1849, issued a call to all slave-holding states to send delegates to Nashville, Tenn., in order to form a united front against what was viewed as Northern

Arts, Central Asian, Nomadic cultures

2005-03-20T16:54:00.000-08:00

During the 1st millennium BC and the 1st centuries of the Christian era, certain nomadic tribes affected the course of Central Asia's artistic history. Cyrus II the Great, the ancient Persian king who founded the Achaemenian Empire, was killed by the nomadic Massagetai when campaigning in eastern Iran in 530 BC. At the time, the Saka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central

Manasa

2005-03-20T02:47:00.000-08:00

Folk goddess of snakes, worshiped mainly in Bengal and other parts of northeastern India, chiefly for the prevention and cure of snakebite and also for fertility and general prosperity. As the protector of children, she is often identified with the goddess Sasthi (“the Sixth,” worshiped on the sixth day after birth). The antiquity of the goddess is a matter of conjecture. The

Yamato

2005-03-19T18:09:00.000-08:00

City, Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, in the eastern part of the Sagamihara Plateau. During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) it was a local trade centre for the surrounding sericultural region. An air base of the Imperial Japanese Army, established in the city in 1942, was taken over by U.S. occupation forces after World War II. The city has rapidly industrialized since 1955, producing

Clambake

2005-03-18T18:45:00.000-08:00

Seafood picnic traditional in the New England region of the United States. Early settlers on the Atlantic Coast adopted and elaborated the practice from the coastal Indians, who steamed shellfish over hot stones under a covering of seaweed. Clambakes, best undertaken on a large scale, have long been a feature of civic and fraternal celebrations in areas where clams,

Anbar

2005-03-17T18:21:00.000-08:00

Also called Massice , or Fairuz Sapur ancient Mesopotamian town located on the left bank of the Euphrates River, downstream from modern Ar-Ramadi in central Iraq. Originally called Massice and Fairuz Sapur, it was destroyed by the Roman emperor Julian in AD 363. The town was rebuilt and became known from at least the 6th century as Anbar (“Stores”). Jews from the academy of Pumbedita took refuge there from Sasanian persecution

Vigo, Jean

2005-03-17T09:08:00.000-08:00

French film director whose blending of lyricism with realism and Surrealism, the whole underlined with a cynical, anarchic approach to life, distinguished him as an original talent. Although he completed only three feature films and one short, Taris (1931), before his early death, his films produced great public reaction. A Jean Vigo Prize is

Christianity, Care for widows and orphans

2005-03-16T11:57:00.000-08:00

From the beginning the Christian congregation cared for the poor, the sick, widows, and orphans. The Letter of James says: “Religion that is pure and undefiled before God is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction.” Widows formed a special group in the congregations and were asked to help with nursing care and other diaconic (from diakonia, or faith active

Domitian

2005-03-16T00:14:00.000-08:00

Titus Flavius Domitianus was the second son of the future emperor Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla. During the civil war of AD 69 over the imperial crown, Domitian remained unharmed in Rome, but on December 18 he took refuge in the

Koch, Kenneth Jay

2005-03-15T23:22:00.000-08:00

American poet, writer, and teacher (b. Feb. 27, 1925, Cincinnati, Ohio—d. July 6, 2002, New York, N.Y.), was known for verse that combined modernism with lyricism and that conveyed a sense of enthusiasm and fun. The subject matter was wide in range and included ordinary objects and references to popular culture. At the same time, Koch's poetry could be learned and technically sophisticated, reflecting

Japanese Spaniel

2005-03-15T19:36:00.000-08:00

Also called Japanese Chin, breed of toy dog that originated in China and was introduced to Japan, where it was kept by royalty. The breed became known in the West when Commodore Matthew Perry returned from Japan in 1853 with several dogs that had been presented to him. The Japanese spaniel is a compact, dainty-looking dog with large, dark eyes, a short muzzle, and a heavily plumed tail that curls over its

Pacific Ocean, Submarine hydrocarbons

2005-03-14T23:07:00.000-08:00

Deposits of oil and gas under the seafloor are the most valuable and sought-after fuels of the modern world economy. Shallow seas and small ocean basins, such as the South and East China seas, are thought to have a high potential for large reserves. Among the countries bordering the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, the proportion of production from submarine reserves

Egypt, Hydroelectric and other power resources

2005-03-14T21:44:00.000-08:00

The Nile constitutes an incomparable source of energy; further sources are represented by coal, oil, and gas deposits. Almost half of Egypt's electrical energy comes from thermal stations; hydroelectric plants, including those at the Aswan High Dam, supply the remainder.

Cyprus, Flag Of

2005-03-14T08:13:00.000-08:00

For centuries Cyprus was part of the Ottoman Empire and flew Turkish flags. By agreement with the Turkish sovereign, however, the British assumed administrative control of the island in 1878 and subsequently flew the Union Jack there. During World War I the island was annexed by the British, and other colonial flags were then introduced. For example, to the British Red

Ujigami

2005-03-13T00:52:00.000-08:00

In the Shinto religion of Japan, the tutelary deity of a village or geographic area. The meaning of ujigami has undergone considerable evolution over the centuries, mainly because of the historical migrations of clan communities in Japan. Originally the term referred to the ancestral deity (kami) of a family or clan (uji), blood kinship forming the basis of the spiritual

Metacinnabar

2005-03-12T17:53:00.000-08:00

A mercury sulfide mineral that has the same chemical composition as cinnabar (HgS). Typical specimens have been obtained from Italy, Romania, and California. A member of the sphalerite group of sulfide minerals having isometric crystal symmetry, metacinnabar is transformed to cinnabar, a more stable form, upon heating to 400°–550° C (750°–1,020° F). For detailed physical properties, see

Scandinavian Literature, Prose

2005-03-12T13:49:00.000-08:00

Prose literature of the 14th century included several sagas. Among them were the Finnboga saga ramma (“Saga of Finnbogi the Strong”), about a 10th-century hero, and another telling the love story of its hero Víglundr. Sagas about bishops, already a theme in the 13th century, became more numerous, as did lives of foreign saints. A large collection of exempla (moral tales) was also made,

Italy, The Ostrogothic kingdom

2005-03-11T21:37:00.000-08:00

Odoacer was conquered and killed by Theoderic, king of the Ostrogoths (489–526). The decades of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy (489–552) can be seen as the first true period of Germanic rule in the peninsula, for an entire tribe of 100,000 to 200,000 people came with Theoderic. Still, the Ostrogothic kingdom continued to operate inside a largely Roman political system. Like Odoacer, Theoderic courted

Bonaparte, (marie-)pauline

2005-03-11T15:21:00.000-08:00

She married Gen. C.V.E. Leclerc (1772–1802), a staff officer of Napoleon, in 1797 and accompanied him to San Domingo. When Leclerc died of yellow fever she returned to Paris. She then married Prince Camillo Borghese (Nov. 6, 1803) and went with him to Rome, but soon tired of him,

Trading Stamp

2005-03-10T14:06:00.000-08:00

Trading stamps existed in the United States

Kwangju

2005-03-09T22:55:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Gwangju, city and provincial capital, South Cholla do (province), southwestern South Korea. It has the status of a special city (area 193 square miles [501 square km]) under the direct control of the home minister, with administrative status equal to that of a province. An old city on the edge of the mountainous area of South Cholla province, it has been a centre of trade and of local administration

Spanish Lace

2005-03-09T15:24:00.000-08:00

Lace made in Spain; the name is also erroneously given to much lace that was in fact imported into Spain from the 17th century onward. The Spaniards imported a great deal of Venetian needle lace for church use in the 17th century. When the Spanish monasteries were dissolved in 1830, much ecclesiastical lace came to light that was described as “Spanish point,” but little, if any, of

Ben-gurion, David

2005-03-09T14:19:00.000-08:00

Zionist statesman and political leader, the first prime minister (1948–53, 1955–63) and defense minister (1948–53; 1955–63) of Israel. It was Ben-Gurion who, on May 14, 1948, at Tel Aviv, delivered Israel's declaration of independence. His charismatic personality won him the adoration of the masses, and, after his retirement

Swakopmund

2005-03-08T17:56:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Namibia, on the Atlantic coast about 20 miles (32 km) north of the port of Walvis Bay and 175 miles (280 km) west of Windhoek, Namibia's capital. During the summer, in December and January, the territorial administration moves from Windhoek to Swakopmund, where the weather is somewhat cooler. It is the country's main seaside resort, fishing being a major attraction.

Earth, Age of oceanic islands

2005-03-07T16:14:00.000-08:00

One of the earliest indications that some blocks of seafloor are moving relative to other such blocks was that while the age of young volcanic islands or seamounts shows no relationship to distance from spreading mid-oceanic ridges, old features of this sort are never found near the ridges. This relationship can be readily explained if new seafloor is created

Suid

2005-03-07T03:05:00.000-08:00

Any member of the family Suidae, hoofed mammals, order Artiodactyla, including the wild and domestic pigs. Suids are stout animals with small eyes and coarse, sometimes sparse, hair. All have muzzles ending in a rounded cartilage disk used to dig for food. Some species have tusks. Suids are omnivorous and usually gregarious. Females bear

Ear, Human, Muscles

2005-03-06T21:33:00.000-08:00

Two minuscule muscles are located in the middle ear. The longer muscle, called the tensor tympani, emerges from a bony canal just above the opening of the eustachian tube and runs backward then outward as it changes direction in passing over a pulleylike projection of bone. The tendon of this muscle is attached to the upper part of the handle of the malleus. When contracted,

Canadian Literature

2005-03-06T18:30:00.000-08:00

The body of written works produced by Canadians. Reflecting the country's dual origin and linguistic distribution, the literature of Canada falls into two divisions: English and French. This article provides a brief historical account of each of these literatures.

Astruc Of Lunel,

2005-03-05T09:41:00.000-08:00

Although Astruc revered Maimonides, who had attempted to reconcile Aristotle's philosophy

Bas-relief

2005-03-04T22:43:00.000-08:00

Sculptural relief in which the projection from the surrounding surface is slight (see photograph). See relief.

Great Hall

2005-03-04T10:45:00.000-08:00

Main apartment in a medieval manor house, monastery, or college, in which meals were taken. In large manor houses it also served other purposes: justice was administered there, entertainments given, and often at night the floor was strewn with rushes so that many of the servants could sleep there.

Allen, Bog Of

2005-03-03T13:57:00.000-08:00

Irish Móin Alúine group of peat bogs between the Liffey and the Shannon rivers in east-central Ireland in Counties Kildare, Offaly, Laoighis, and Westmeath. Some 370 square miles (958 square km) in area, it is developed extensively for fuel for power stations; the cutover land is used for grazing. The bogs are traversed by the Grand and Royal canals, the latter no longer in use. An early monastic site

China, Plains of the Middle and Lower Yangtze

2005-03-03T02:18:00.000-08:00

East of I-ch'ang, in Hupeh Province, a series of plains of uneven width are found along the Yangtze River, or Ch'ang Chiang. The plains are particularly wide in the delta area and in places where the Yangtze receives its major tributaries—including large areas of lowlands around the lakes of Tung-t'ing, P'o-yang, T'ai, and Hung-tse, which are hydrologically linked with the Yangtze.

Action Française

2005-03-02T22:18:00.000-08:00

The Action Française movement originated at the close of the 19th century to champion the antiparliamentarian, anti-Semitic, and

Wynn, Ed

2005-03-01T11:48:00.000-08:00

Wynn made his professional debut with the Thurber-Nasher Repertoire Company in Norwich, Conn., in 1902 and acquired the nickname of the Perfect Fool from a revue of the same name in

Minamata

2005-03-01T02:47:00.000-08:00

City, Kumamoto ken (prefecture), southeastern Kyushu, Japan, on Yatsushiro Bay. A company town of the Nippon Chisso Hiryo Company, its main products are chemical fertilizer, carbide, and vinyl chloride. Minamata was traditionally a fishing port and has regular sea-route connections to Amakusa-shimo Island, the main island of the Amakusa Archipelago. Hot springs are

Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron

2005-03-01T01:59:00.000-08:00

Denon studied law in Paris but turned to the theatre, writing a successful comedy at age 23. He drew and painted and was commissioned by Louis XV to arrange a cabinet of carved gems. Between 1772 and 1787 he carried

Macken, Walter

2005-02-28T23:43:00.000-08:00

Macken was an actor and stage manager in Galway, where he became actor-manager-director of the Gaelic Theatre. He was also connected with the famous Abbey Theatre

Bioceramics

2005-02-28T21:31:00.000-08:00

Ceramic products or components employed in medical and dental applications, mainly as implants and replacements. This article briefly describes the principal ceramic materials and surveys the uses to which they are put in medical and dental applications. For an explanation of important issues in biomedical uses of all materials (including ceramics), see the

Alfonso V

2005-02-28T18:28:00.000-08:00

Byname Alfonso the Magnanimous , Spanish Alfonso el Magnánimo king of Aragon (1416–58) and king of Naples (as Alfonso I, 1442–58), whose military campaigns in Italy and elsewhere in the central Mediterranean made him one of the most famous men of his day. After conquering Naples, he transferred his court there.

Afghan Carpet

2005-02-27T15:32:00.000-08:00

Stout, long-wearing floor covering handwoven by the Afghan tribe of Turkmens of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. Afghan carpets are generally all wool or goat hair and are made with the Senna (Sehna) knot. Usually in dull reds, these carpets show less white than the products of other Turkmens. Their gul, or basic tribal motif, is a large, parti-coloured, scalloped octagon

Habsburg, House Of, Bloodlines and conflict

2005-02-26T11:06:00.000-08:00

By a series of abdications toward the end of his life Charles V transferred his Burgundian, Spanish, and Italian possessions to his son Philip II and his functions as emperor to his brother Ferdinand, who succeeded him formally as such after his death (1558). This division of the dynasty between imperial and Spanish lines was definitive: Ferdinand's male descendants were

Kirkland Lake

2005-02-26T08:58:00.000-08:00

Town, Timiskaming district, eastern Ontario, Canada. It is situated 125 miles (200 km) north-northwest of North Bay. Since the discovery of gold in the vicinity in 1911, at the time of the construction of the Ontario Northland Railway, the town has grown to become one of Canada's largest gold producers. During the bonanza years of 1927–28, dozens of mines sprang up along its “Golden Mile,” including

Yalow, Rosalyn S.

2005-02-25T06:59:00.000-08:00

Yalow graduated with honours from Hunter College

Pereyaslav-khmelnytskyy

2005-02-25T01:08:00.000-08:00

Russian Pereyaslav-khmelnitsky, also spelled Pereiaslav-khmelnitskii, or Perejaslav-chmel'nickij, formerly (until 1943) Pereyaslav, or Pereiaslav, city, Kiev oblast (province), Ukraine. Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy has existed since the 10th century, when it was known as Pereyaslav-Russky. It was a border stronghold of the Kievan state but was overrun by Mongol Tatars in 1239. In 1654 Bohdan Khmelnytsky, a leader of the revolt against Polish domination of Ukraine, convened a council at Pereyaslav that submitted Ukraine to Russian

Tiger Shark

2005-02-24T18:16:00.000-08:00

(Galeocerdo cuvieri), large, potentially dangerous shark of the family Carcharhinidae. It is noted for its voracity and inveterate scavenging, as well as its reputation as a man-eater. The tiger shark is found worldwide in warm oceans, from the shoreline to the open sea. A maximum of about 5.5 m (18 feet) long, it is grayish and patterned, when young, with dark spots and vertical bars.

Argentina, Press and broadcasting

2005-02-24T15:18:00.000-08:00

The mass media in Argentina are well advanced among Latin American nations. In Buenos Aires the largest newspapers are published, and many have electronic editions on the Internet. The largest daily circulation is claimed by Clarín; two other large-circulation dailies, La nación and La prensa, founded in 1870 and 1869, respectively, have high reputations in the Spanish-speaking

Westminster Abbey

2005-02-23T10:12:00.000-08:00

London church that is the site of coronations and other ceremonies of national significance. It stands just west of the Houses of Parliament in the Greater London borough of Westminster. Situated on the grounds of a former Benedictine monastery, it was refounded as the Collegiate Church of St. Peter in Westminster by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560. Legend relates that Saberht

Maccabeus, Jonathan

2005-02-23T08:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Apphus, Maccabeus also spelled Maccabaeus Jewish general, a son of the priest Mattathias, who took over the leadership of the Maccabean revolt after the death of his elder brother Judas. A brilliant diplomat, if not quite so good a soldier as his elder brother, Jonathan refused all compromise with the superior Seleucid forces, taking advantage of their internal troubles to free Judaea again from external

Mountain Goat

2005-02-22T14:25:00.000-08:00

Also called Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), North American ruminant, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). Mountain goats occur from the Yukon to the northern U.S. Rockies. Although goatlike, they are more closely related to antelopes than to true goats. Stocky, and with a slight hump at the withers, mountain goats stand about 1 m (39 inches) at the shoulder. Members of both sexes

China, The barbarians: Tangut, Khitan, and Juchen

2005-02-22T07:43:00.000-08:00

On the frontier the far-reaching influence of T'ang culture affected various nomadic, seminomadic, and pastoral peoples.

Human Disease, Diseases of genetic origin

2005-02-22T03:52:00.000-08:00

Certain human diseases result from mutations in the genetic complement (genome) contained in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of chromosomes. A gene is a discrete linear sequence of nucleotide bases (molecular units) of the DNA that codes for, or directs, the synthesis of a protein, and there may be as many as 100,000 genes in the human genome. Proteins, many of which are enzymes

Bottle Tree

2005-02-21T01:22:00.000-08:00

Any of various trees of the genus Brachychiton, within the cacao, or chocolate, family (Sterculiaceae), native to Australia. They grow to a height of 18 m (60 feet). They are cultivated in other warm regions as ornamentals. The name refers to the peculiar shape of the trunk.

Anne Boleyn

2005-02-20T08:00:00.000-08:00

A full biography is Marie Louise Bruce, Anne Boleyn (1972).

Kidney

2005-02-20T06:41:00.000-08:00

In vertebrates and some invertebrates, organ that maintains water balance and expels metabolic wastes. Primitive and embryonic kidneys consist of two series of specialized tubules that empty into two collecting ducts, the Wolffian ducts (see Wolffian duct). The more advanced kidney (metanephros)

Qaeda, Al-

2005-02-19T21:13:00.000-08:00

Al-Qaeda began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, the organization dispersed but continued to oppose what its leaders

Statistics

2005-02-19T08:26:00.000-08:00

In an experimental study,

East African Mountains

2005-02-18T18:22:00.000-08:00

Mountain region of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Congo (Kinshasa), Rwanda, and Burundi. The mountains are intimately related to the East African Rift System, the fractures of which extend discontinuously between the Zambezi River valley and the Red Sea and are flanked in many areas by highlands. Of the major mountains, all but one group—the Ruwenzori (Rwenzori) Range—are of

Nervous System Disease, Vestibulocochlear nerve

2005-02-17T22:58:00.000-08:00

When both divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve are affected by disease, symptoms may include ringing in the ear (tinnitus), a sensation of spinning (vertigo), and other symptoms such as deafness. Deafness, if not caused by middle-ear disease, suggests damage to the cochlear portion of the nerve. Compression of the nerve at the cerebellopontine angle by a tumour, an

Ancona

2005-02-17T09:11:00.000-08:00

Capital of Ancona provincia and of Marche regione, in central Italy, on the Adriatic Sea on the farthest branch of the promontory that descends from the Conero massif. Founded by Syracusan colonists in about 390 BC, it was taken by Rome in the 2nd century BC and became a flourishing port, particularly favoured by the Roman emperor Trajan, who enlarged the harbour. Attacked by

Tigre

2005-02-17T04:53:00.000-08:00

The largest federation of Tigre is that of the Amer (Beni Amer), a branch of the historically important Beja peoples. These Muslims all recognize the religious

Medicine, Army medical organization

2005-02-16T08:12:00.000-08:00

The medical doctor of first contact to the soldier in the armies of developed countries is usually an officer in the medical corps. In peacetime the doctor sees the sick and has functions similar to those of the general practitioner, prescribing drugs and dressings, and there may be a sick bay where slightly sick soldiers can remain for a few days. The doctor is usually

Wilbye, John

2005-02-15T20:19:00.000-08:00

Wilbye was the son of a successful farmer and landowner. His musical abilities early attracted the notice of the local gentry. Sir Thomas Kytson of nearby Hengrave Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, was especially interested, and he invited Wilbye to become resident

Chagos Archipelago

2005-02-15T19:52:00.000-08:00

Island group, a major geographic feature of the British Indian Ocean Territory, located in the central Indian Ocean about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of the tip of the Indian subcontinent. The archipelago has a total area of 23 square miles (60 square km) and constitutes a semicircular group, open to the east, comprising (counterclockwise from the north) the Salomon Islands; Peros Banhos

F Region

2005-02-15T03:32:00.000-08:00

Highest region of the ionosphere, at altitudes greater than 160 km (100 miles); it has the greatest concentration of free electrons and is the most important of the ionospheric regions. The charged particles in the F region consist primarily of neutral atoms split into electrons and charged atoms. Although its degree of ionization persists with little change through the

Xavier, Saint Francis

2005-02-14T18:41:00.000-08:00

After all the members of the band had completed their studies, they reassembled in Venice, where Xavier was ordained priest on June 24, 1537. Having for more than a year sought passage to the Holy Land in vain, the seven, along with fresh recruits, went to Rome to put themselves at the disposal of the Pope. Meanwhile, as a result of their preaching and care of the sick throughout central

Induan Stage

2005-02-13T19:21:00.000-08:00

Lowermost of two divisions of the Lower Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Induan time (from 248 million to 245 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage name is derived from the Indus River in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The stratotype for the Induan, as originally defined, is the strata above the Chhideru beds and below the Upper

Toba, Lake

2005-02-13T16:29:00.000-08:00

Indonesian Danau Toba lake in the Barisan Mountains, north-central Sumatra, Indonesia. It covers an area of about 440 square miles (1,140 square km), excluding Samosir Island, which occupies a large part of the lake's centre and which is about 30 miles (50 km) long and 10 miles (15 km) wide. The lake drains east through the Asahan River into the Strait of Malacca; along the Asahan River several major hydroelectric projects

Wan-hsien

2005-02-13T07:44:00.000-08:00

An ancient city and administrative centre, Wan-hsien was largely a commercial centre for eastern Szechwan. The city also had a handicraft cotton industry. In 1917 it was opened to foreign trade and became

India, Nationalism in the Muslim community

2005-02-12T04:33:00.000-08:00

While the Congress was calling for swaraj in Calcutta, the Muslim League held its first meeting in Dacca. Though the Muslim quarter of India's population lagged behind the Hindu majority in uniting to articulate nationalist political demands, Islam had, since the founding of the Delhi sultanate in 1206, provided Indian Muslims with sufficient doctrinal mortar to unite

Lop Buri

2005-02-12T03:42:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Lopburi, town, south-central Thailand, north of Bangkok. Lop Buri is a rice-collecting centre situated on the Lop Buri River and on the country's main north-south highway and railway. Founded as Lavo in the 5th–7th century, it was incorporated into the Khmer empire of Angkor in the 10th or 11th century and became an important provincial capital. It later became an active centre within

Welland Canal

2005-02-11T19:22:00.000-08:00

Waterway in southern Ontario, Can., that provides navigation for large vessels between Lake Erie to the south and Lake Ontario to the north and forms an important link in the St. Lawrence Seaway. The canal was necessary because the Niagara River, the natural connection between Lakes Erie and Ontario, has impassable falls and rapids. The modern Welland Canal extends

Rouault, Georges

2005-02-11T02:12:00.000-08:00

Rouault was born in a cellar in Paris during a bombardment of the city by the forces opposed to the Commune. His father was a cabinetmaker. A grandfather

Arafura Sea

2005-02-10T02:41:00.000-08:00

Shallow sea of the western Pacific Ocean, occupying 250,000 square miles (650,000 square km) between the north coast of Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria and the south coast of New Guinea. It merges with the Timor Sea on the west and the Banda and Ceram seas on the northwest. The Torres Strait connects it with the Coral Sea on the east. Most of the Arafura Sea is underlain by the Arafura

Cimbalom

2005-02-10T01:07:00.000-08:00

An elaborate stringed instrument of the dulcimer family used in small music ensembles by central European Roma (Gypsies). The instrument has a trapezoidal body that stands on four legs. It has a chromatic range of four octaves and, unlike other dulcimers, a pedal mechanism for damping the strings. The cimbalom has about 125 metal strings, with 3 to 5 strings

LikePump

Scandinavian Literature, National Romanticism

Adams, Douglas Noël

Maslow, Abraham H.

Alliance For Progress

Mauguin, Charles

Ray Spider

'umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah

Manapouri, Lake

Therapeutics, Peptic ulcer

Manapouri, Lake

Kyoto

France, History Of, Carolingian literature and arts

Aalto, Alvar

Augury

Talavera De La Reina

Auditorium

Igneous Rock, Inclusions

Perelman, S.j.

Cumont, Franz (-valéry-marie)

Celaya, Battle Of

Riau

Australia

Sweyn Ii Estridsen

Biblical Literature, The conquest of Canaan

Backcross

Nashville Convention

Arts, Central Asian, Nomadic cultures

Manasa

Yamato

Clambake

Anbar

Vigo, Jean

Christianity, Care for widows and orphans

Domitian

Koch, Kenneth Jay

Japanese Spaniel

Pacific Ocean, Submarine hydrocarbons

Egypt, Hydroelectric and other power resources

Cyprus, Flag Of

Ujigami

Metacinnabar

Scandinavian Literature, Prose

Italy, The Ostrogothic kingdom

Bonaparte, (marie-)pauline

Trading Stamp

Kwangju

Spanish Lace

Ben-gurion, David

Swakopmund

Earth, Age of oceanic islands

Suid

Ear, Human, Muscles

Canadian Literature

Astruc Of Lunel,

Bas-relief

Great Hall

Allen, Bog Of

China, Plains of the Middle and Lower Yangtze

Action Française

Wynn, Ed

Minamata

Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron

Macken, Walter

Bioceramics

Alfonso V

Afghan Carpet

Habsburg, House Of, Bloodlines and conflict

Kirkland Lake

Yalow, Rosalyn S.

Pereyaslav-khmelnytskyy

Tiger Shark

Argentina, Press and broadcasting

Westminster Abbey

Maccabeus, Jonathan

Mountain Goat

China, The barbarians: Tangut, Khitan, and Juchen

Human Disease, Diseases of genetic origin

Bottle Tree

Anne Boleyn

China, The barbarians: Tangut, Khitan, and Juchen